Introduction
Education in a
Crisis of Change: Reflections
Education is not static. It is forever going
through a process of change. The description as “process” suggests that change
is “an overlapping series of dynamically complex phenomena” (Fullan 1994,
21). Some of these can be anticipated, but others are unpredictable. The
enormity of this statement struck me as I was reflecting on the first version
of this book and working on the revisions. Something unanticipated and
unpredicted engulfed the world: the Covid-19 pandemic described by the United
Nations (2020, 4) as presenting “the greatest test the world has
faced since the Second World War”. All at once life changed. Countries sealed
their borders. Air travel was halted, and cities were put on lockdown.
Economies plummeted. Curfew hours were instituted, and schools were closed.
Life was under siege.
I was particularly struck by
three things. First, that a virus that originated thousands of miles away in a
distant continent could so quickly affect a group of countries that in the
psyche of the First World were but grains of sand on a sun-soaked beach! The
interconnectedness of the world! Globalization, after all, has been described
as “a social process whereby the constraints of space and time on economic,
political and cultural arrangements weaken gradually” (Little 1996,
427), giving this sense of interconnection. Globalization, however, has also
resulted in widening the gap between rich and poor countries and between the
rich and poor within countries. “The world is more unequal today than at any
point since World War 11”, wrote UNDP (2013, 1).
This leads to my second point. After protocols were
put in place to deal with the health hazard, it was remarkable how attention
then turned to the economy. The mantra was “if Covid-19 doesn’t kill you,
hunger will”. Research in the Caribbean carried out in April 2020 found that
“for households earning less than the minimum wage, a striking 34.3 percent of
respondents declared that they had gone hungry in the previous week, and just
over half stated that they consumed less healthy food. These issues even
persist, at substantially lower levels, in the higher-income categories” (Mooney and Rosenblatt 2020, 13). In Jamaica, affluent businessmen spent huge
sums of money to argue in the media for the airports to be opened, and the
engine of the economy wound up again. And so, they were. The tourists came back
to enjoy the sand and sea and the virus reared its ugly head even more.
The third thing. After much
ado about health issues and the economy, something came to us almost as an
afterthought: the schools had been closed! What had been happening to the
children? They were supposed to be learning online, but Hanuchek and Woesmann (2020) cite
international studies that showed that the learning progress of students had
suffered a strong decline during the crisis, especially in schools in
low-income areas. In the Commonwealth Caribbean (CC), however, the concern was
more about the parents who had to stay home with their children and could not
go to work. It was by no means clear how possible or effective working from
home was. Again, more thought was on the economy than on the children. The
integral connection between the two was made clear by Hanuchek and Woesmann
(2020, 1), who wrote, “The worldwide school closures in early 2020 led to
losses in learning that will not easily be made up for even if schools quickly
return to their prior performance levels. These losses will have lasting
economic impacts both on the affected students and on each nation.” The
children at the greatest disadvantage are those from poor homes where families
are unable to afford the technology needed for the children to access learning
online. These writers argue that the current students can expect 3 per cent
lower career earnings in their lifetime if the schools on reopening can return
to their 2019 performance levels. As far as nations were concerned “the impact
could optimistically be 1.5 per cent lower GDP throughout the remainder of the
century – and proportionately even lower if education systems are slow to
return to prior levels of performance” (Hanuchek and Woesmann 2020, 6). “This
is going to be the hardest fall we’ve had maybe in the modern history of
education”, wrote Greenberg (2020).
It is not just the academic aspect of the children’s education
that we should be concerned about at this time of crisis. Children’s physical,
social and emotional development is in jeopardy. School closures mean that
physical education classes cannot take place. Social distancing protocols
prevent children from playing together as before and learning the social and
emotional skills which are so important in their everyday lives as well as
their eventual careers. Children who need it do not have access to guidance and
counselling services and breakfast and lunch programmes offered by the schools.
This is a particular disadvantage for those who live under crowded home
conditions where they may be subject to abuse, food shortages and cruelty.
There is also the fact that “children’s reliance on online platforms for
distance learning has also increased their risk of exposure to inappropriate
content and online predators” (United Nations 2020, 3).
We must also think about the
parents. The success of out-of-school learning depends on the strength of their
instructional skills, but they have been thrust into a role for which most have
not been prepared. They need to know mathematics and English and be familiar
with the school’s curriculum so that they can give their children the help they
need. They need to be able to troubleshoot the technical glitches of online
access to learning. They need to offer guidance to the children, supervise
their work, keep them occupied while at the same time do their normal everyday
activities. Some of this is not new to parents as they were encouraged to
participate in their children’s education long before the crisis. Covid-19,
however, has thrust them into the limelight through online learning out of
school – a task with which parents from low-income homes can barely cope. If
globalization widened the gap between the rich and poor, the pandemic threatens
to deepen the divide even further.
This Book’s Purpose
What is the relevance of all of this to the book?
It was striking how the pandemic threw the world into confusion. There was no
past knowledge for reference on how to treat it because there was nothing quite
like it before, not even the Spanish flu of 1918. Even the wearing of face
masks became a contentious issue because of a lack of research to support one
choice rather than the other. We came to recognize the value in being able to
draw on evidence from the past to inform present action.
This book presents several case studies of attempts
to introduce change into school systems in the CC which can inform action that
needs to be taken to address many of the issues that the countries face as they
try to restore normality in the education system post the pandemic. Hanuchek
and Woessmann (2020) argue that to address the differences in learning loss of
students from high- and low-income backgrounds, individualized instruction is
the best strategy to adopt. There is much that can be learned from the case
studies that deal with a similar problem during the early 1980s. Because rural
children often had to help their parents to take goods to the market, they were
frequently absent from school and thus incurred learning loss. The solution
devised was the use of self-instructional materials that the students could
work on in their own time under the guidance of the teacher. There is much to
be learned from the Grade 10–11 Programme and Project PRIMER1 on the use
of individualized instruction in the Caribbean context.Hanuchek and Woessmann
(2020) also emphasize the need for attention to education at the early
childhood level, especially at this time of crisis, since it is the foundation
on which learning at other levels rest. Particular attention, they say, should
be given to the disadvantaged students. The case study of the transition from
basic school to primary school (see chapter 8) highlights the issues that must
be dealt with in schools in impoverished rural areas. One of the issues is
encouraging parents’ involvement in the education of their children. The
findings of this study support those reported in Hoover-Dempsey et al. (2005), which suggested that positive
school staff attitudes towards students’ families and communities are
particularly important to parental empowerment and involvement.
Several of the case studies
also address the issues of equity and social justice. There are examples of
innovations designed to reduce the gap between the rich and poor in school
systems and cater to children with learning difficulties. The first chapter
elaborates on the goals of the innovations discussed in this book and draws
attention to those that used both traditional and modern technology to address
problems in the school system. While there is no example from the past that deals
with system-wide use of modern technology in schooling from home, the case
studies show that much of what is being experienced now – inadequate supplies
of laptops or computers, weak technology infrastructure, teachers ill prepared
for the task – are repeats of our past experience in using modern technology in
our school systems. In a sense it is like going on a journey “back to the
past”.
The essence of this book can be summed up thus: “When
practitioners are better able to understand the past, chances are that they
will be able to impart greater sensitivity to their plans for change and as a
result improve the probability for success in their programmes. This is a
perspective needed in most developing nations today, and it is a position
anchored in the view that the past prefigures the present.”2Through an analysis and discussion of case studies
of curriculum change in school systems in the CC, the author unearths and
analyses the problems experienced with a view to deriving from these some
broader insights into the dynamics of implementing change in Caribbean schools.
Ultimately this book is about improving student learning because if
policymakers and practitioners become more sensitive to their plans for change,
this is more likely to lead to programme success which is normally measured in
terms of student achievement. The book should also be useful in the training
programmes for teachers, principals and other education stakeholders who need
to understand the processes of change as experienced in CC education systems.
Hopefully, the book will appeal to a wider range of readers who will find
something of interest in it. It is also hoped that the book will prove a
stimulus to further research on curriculum change in the wider Caribbean.
